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2019年英语六级阅读理解试题库及答案(11)
Inthe1962movieLawrenceofArabia,onesceneshowsanAmericannewspaperreportereagerlysnappingphotosofmenlootingasabotagedtrain.Oneofthelooters,ChiefAudaabuTayioftheHoweitatclan,suddenlynoticesthecameraandsnatchesit."AmIinthis?"heasks,beforesmashingitopen.Tothedismayedreporter,Lawrenceexplains,"Hethinksthesethingswillstealhisvirtue.Hethinksyou'reakindofthief."
Assoonascolonizersandexplorersbegantakingcamerasintodistantlands,storiesbegancirculatingabouthowindigenouspeoplessawthemastoolsforblackmagic.The"ignorantnatives"mayhavehadapoint.Whenphotographyfirstbecameavailable,scientistswelcomeditasamoreobjectivewayofrecordingfarawaysocietiesthanearlytravelers'exaggeratedaccounts.Butinsomeways,anthropologicalphotographsrevealmoreabouttheculturethatholdsthecamerathantheonethatstaresback.Upintothe1950sand1960s,manyethnographerssought"pure"picturesof"primitive"cultures,routinelydeletingmodernaccoutrementssuchasclocksandWesterndress.Theypaidmenandwomentore-enactritualsortoposeasmembersofwarorhuntingparties,oftenwithlittleregardforveracity.EdwardCurtis,thelegendaryphotographerofNorthAmericanIndians,forexample,gotoneMakahmantoposeasawhalerwithaspearin1915--eventhoughtheMakahhadnothuntedwhalesinageneration.
Thesephotographsreinforcedwidelyacceptedstereotypesthatindigenouscultureswereisolated,primitive,andunchanging.Forinstance,NationalGeographicmagazine'sphotographshavetaughtmillionsofAmericansaboutothercultures.AsCatherineLutzandJaneCollinspointoutintheir1993bookReadingNationalGeographic,themagazinesinceitsfoundingin1888haskeptatraditionofpresentingbeautifulphotosthatdon'tchallengewhite,middle-classAmericanconventions.Whiledark-skinnedwomencanbeshownwithouttops,forexample,whitewomen'sbreastsaretaboo.Photosthatcouldunsettleordisturb,suchasareasoftheworldtornasunderbywarorfamine,arediscardedinfavorofthosethatreassure,toconformwiththesociety'sstatedpledgetopresentonly"kindly"visionsofforeignsocieties.Theresult,LutzandCollinssay,isthedepictionof"anidealizedandexoticworldrelativelyfreeofpainorclassconflict."
LutzactuallylikesNationalGeographicalot.Shereadthemagazineasachild,anditslushimageryinfluencedhereventualchoiceofanthropologyasacareer.Shejustthinksthataspeoplelookatthephotographsofothercultures,theyshouldbealerttothechoiceofcompositionandimages.
练习题
1.Themainideaofthepassageis______________.
[A]PhotographstakenbyWesternexplorersreflectmoreWesterners’perceptionoftheindigenousculturesandtheWesternvalues.
[B]ThereisacomplicatedrelationshipbetweentheWesternexplorersandtheprimitivepeoples.
[C]PopularmagazinessuchasNationalGeographicshouldshowpicturesoftheexoticandidealizedworldstomaintainhighsales.
[D]Anthropologistsaskthenativestoposefortheirpictures,compromisingthetruthfulnessoftheirpictures.
2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatearlytravelerstothenativelandsoften_________.
[A]tookpictureswiththenatives
[B]gaveexaggeratedaccountsofthenativelands
[C]askforpicturesfromthenatives
[D]gavethenativesclocksandWesterndresses
3.TheauthormentionsthemovieLawrenceofArabiato___________.
[A]showhowpeopleintheindigenoussocietiesareportrayedbyWesterners.
[B]illustratehowpeoplefromprimitivesocietiesseecamerasastoolsofblackmagicthatstealtheirvirtues.
[C]showhowanthropologistsportrayuntruthfulpicturesofnativepeople.
[D]showthecruelandbarbariansideofthenativepeople.
4.“Butinsomeways,anthropologicalphotographsrevealmoreabouttheculturethatholdsthecamerathantheonethatstaresback.”Inthissentence,the“one[culture]thatstaresback”refersto_______.
[A]theindigenousculture
[B]theWesternculture
[C]theacademicculture
[D]thenewsbusinessculture
5.WithwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldCat
herineLutzmostprobablyagree?
[A]ReportersfromtheWesternsocietiesshouldroutinelydeletemodernelementsinpicturestakenoftheindigenoussocieties.
[B]TheprimitiveculturesareinferiortothemoreadvancedWesternculture.
[C]Thewesternmediaarenotpresentingarealisticpictureofthefarawaysocieties.
[D]PeopleintheWesternnewsbusinessshouldtrynottochallengethewell-establishedwhitemiddle-classvalues.
答案及解析
1.答案是[A]PhotographstakenbyWesternexplorersreflectmoreWesterners’perceptionoftheindigenousculturesandtheWesternvalues.
解析：本文的主题是，西方的媒体，为了迎合西方读者猎奇的心理，同时，为了不与西方读者的中产阶级价值观发生冲突，在他们拍摄的照片中，并不是真正客观公正地反映经济发展水平较为落后的社会中人们的生活。他们经常有意删除照片中反映西方文明烙印的成分，甚至摆布照片中的主人公，以描绘出一个西方读者想象中的，经济不发达的，有异域风情的，没有痛苦和阶级斗争的经济落后社会的画面。他们甚至避免刊登那些反映饥荒，战争，灾害的照片，以满足西方媒体“只刊登外国社会美好一面的照片”的默契。
2.答案是[B]gaveexaggeratedaccountsofthenativelands
解析：文章第二段说，Whenphotographyfirstbecameavailable,scientistswelcomeditasamoreobjectivewayofrecordingfarawaysocietiesthanearlytravelers'exaggeratedaccounts.可见早期到原始社会旅行回来的人往往对当地的情况夸大其词。在照相机发明之后，科学家能更好地客观反映那些远方地区的真实情况。
3.答案是[B]illustratehowpeoplefromprimitivesocietiesseecamerasastoolsofblackmagicthatstealtheirvirtues.
解析：文章的第一段介绍的是著名的1962年获得7项奥斯卡大奖的电影《阿拉伯的劳伦斯》(导演：DAVIDLEAN)中的一个片段。该电影本来与作者要讲的题目并无直接关系。作者仅仅通过一个电影中描述的场景来说明一个论点。那就是比较原始，开化较晚的社会，那里的人们对现代的文明，和从没见过的现代文明的产物容易产生误解。电影中的土著抢走了LAWRENCE的照相机，因为他怀疑，那从未见过的玩意儿会偷走他的“美好品德(VIRTUE)”。但是，作者在下文说，那些土著居民的担心并非全无道理。因为西方的记者和学者们，为了描绘一个西方人心目中固有的土著社会(或者经济发展欠发达社会)的形象，故意篡改照片，满足西方读者的好奇心，并且有意迎合西方中产阶级的趣味。在短文中，作者有时候并不开宗明义，直奔主题，而是利用人们都熟悉的文化元素，例如诗歌，书籍，电影，歌曲等，引起读者对其讨论话题的兴趣，然后再引入主题。并不是每一篇文章都会开门见山，读者不应该把每篇文章的首尾句都当成对文章大意的总结。
4.答案是[A]theindigenousculture
解析：Butinsomeways,anthropologicalphotographsrevealmoreabouttheculturethatholdsthecamerathantheonethatstaresback.本句是文章切入主题的重点句。考生应该格外注意在阅读文章靠前部分出现的，以转折词(例如，HOWEVER，BUT，NEVERTHELESS，NONETHELESS等)开头的句子。那往往是作者叙述传统论点，或者普遍看法的关键地方。本句可以理解为：但是，在某些方面，人类学家拍摄的照片展现的与其说是那个盯视着照相机的(被拍摄的)文化，不如说是反映了拿着照相机的(西方)文化。作者暗示，照片反映了西方摄影者的偏见和对落后文化固有的看法，反映的是西方的价值观，并不是完全真实客观的那些不发达社会的写照。这句话基本上是对文章中心意思的总结。如果对文章的主题有大致的认识，就不会将本题选错。
5.答案是[C]Thewesternmediaarenotpresentingarealisticpictureofthefarawaysocieties.
解析：CatherineLutz是文章中提到的1993年出版的READINGNATIONALGEOGRAPHIC的作者之一。她们在书中写道，《国家地理》杂志自从1888年创刊以来，就一直刊登那些不和美国中产阶级白人的价值观发生冲突的照片。照片中可以表现袒露胸部的黑色皮肤的妇女，但是白人妇女的胸部就是禁止刊登的对象。她们认为，这样做的后果就是，在那些西方主流杂志中展现的，似乎是相对而言没有痛苦的，也不存在阶级斗争的社会。因此答案CThewesternmediaarenotpresentingarealisticpictureofthefarawaysocieties(西方媒体并没有展现落后地区的真实画面)最能表现该作者的观点。
2019年英语六级阅读理解试题库及答案(12)
TheBritishMedicalJournalrecentlyfeaturedastrongresponsetowhatwasjudgedaninappropriatelylenientreactionbyamedicalschooltoastudentcheatinginanexamination.Althoughwehaveinsufficientreliabledataabouttheextentofthisphenomenon,itsprevention,oritseffectivemanagement,muchcanbeconcludedandactedupononthebasisofcommonsenseandconceptswithfacevalidity.
Thereisgeneralagreementthatthereshouldbezerotoleranceofcheatinginaprofessionbasedontrustandoneonwhichhumanlivesdepend.Itisreasonabletoassumethatcheatersinmedicalschoolwillbemorelikelythanotherstocontinuetoactdishonestlywithpatients,colleagues,insurers,andgovernment.
Thebehavioursunderquestionaremultifactorialinorigin.Therearefamilial,religious,andculturalvaluesthatareacquiredlongbeforemedicalschool.Forexample,countries,cultures,andsubculturesexistwherebribesanddishonestbehaviourarealmostanorm.Therearesecondaryschoolsinwhichneitherstaffnorstudentstoleratecheatingandotherswherecheatingisrampant;therearehomeswhichimbueyoungpeoplewithhighstandardsofethicalbehaviourandotherswhichleaveethicaltrainingtotheharmfulinfluenceoftelevisionandthemarketplace.
Medicalschoolsreflectsocietyandcannotbeexpectedtoremedyalltheillsofasociety.Theselectionproce
ssofmedicalstudentsmightbeexpectedtofavourcandidateswithintegrityandpositiveethicalbehaviour—ifonehadareliablemethodfordetectingsuchcharacteristicsinadvance.Medicalschoolsshouldbethemajorfocusofattentionforimbuingfuturedoctorswithintegrityandethicalsensitivity.Unfortunatelytherearetroubling,ifinconclusive,datathatsuggestthatduringmedicalschooltheethicalbehaviourofmedicalstudentsdoesnotnecessarilyimprove;indeed,moraldevelopmentmayactuallystoporevenregress.
Thecreationofapervasiveinstitutionalcultureofintegrityisessential.Itiscriticalthattheacademicandclinicalleadersoftheinstitutionsetapersonalexampleofintegrity.Medicalschoolsmustmaketheirinstitutionalpositionandtheirexpectationsofstudentsabsolutelyclearfromdayone.Thedevelopmentofaschool'scultureofintegrityrequiresapartnershipwiththestudentsinwhichtheyplayanactiveroleinitscreationandnurturing.Moreover,theschool'sexaminationsystemandgeneraltreatmentofstudentsmustbeperceivedasfair.Finally,thetreatmentofinfractionsmustbefirm,fair,transparent,andconsistent.
练习题
1.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcheatinginmedicalschools?
[A]Extensiveresearchhasbeendoneaboutthisphenomenon.
[B]Wehavesufficientdatatoprovethatpreventionisfeasible.
[C]Wearesafetoconcludethatthisphenomenonexistsonagrandscale.
[D]Reliabledataabouttheextent,preventionandmanagementofthephenomenonislacking.
2.Accordingtotheauthor,itisimportanttopreventcheatinginmedicalschoolsbecause____________.
[A]Themedicalprofessionisbasedontrust.
[B]Thereiszerotoleranceofcheatinginmedicine.
[C]Themedicalprofessiondependsonthegovernment.
[D]Cheatingexistsextensivelyinmedicalschools.
3.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthecause(s)ofcheating?
[A]Family,cultureandsocietyplayanactivepart.
[B]Badschoolenvironmentistheleadingcauseofstudentcheating.
[C]Parentsarealwaystoblamefortheirchildren’scheatingbehaviour.
[D]CheatingexistsprimarilybecausestudentslearnbadthingsfromTV.
4.Accordingtotheauthor,whatprecautionsshouldmedicalschoolstaketopreventstudentsfromcheating?
[A]Medicalschoolsshouldestablishafirmmoralstandardtoweedoutapplicantswithlowintegrity.
[B]Medicalschoolsshouldmakeeffortstoremedytheillsofasociety.
[C]Medicalschoolsshouldteachfuturedoctorsintegrityandethicalvalues.
[D]Thereisnothingmedicalschoolscandotoimprovetheethicalbehaviouroftheirstudents.
5.Theauthorwillprobablyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?
[A]Medicalschoolsshouldmakeexamseasierforthestudentstoalleviatethefiercecompetition.
[B]Prominentfiguresinthemedicalinstitutionshouldcreateasetofmoralstandardstobeappliedinmedicalschools.
[C]Medicalstudentsshouldplayanactiveroleinthecreationandpreservationofacultureofintegrity.
[D]Thosestudentswhocheatintheexamsshouldbeinstantlyexpelledfromschool.
答案及解析
1.答案是[D]Reliabledataabouttheextent,preventionandmanagementofthephenomenonislacking.
解析：文章第一段说，Althoughwehaveinsufficientreliabledataabouttheextentofthisphenomenon,itsprevention,oritseffectivemanagement,muchcanbeconcludedandactedupononthebasisofcommonsenseandconceptswithfacevalidity.可见，到目前为止，我们还不很了解医学院作弊现象的严重程度，也不甚明了如何对该类现象进行预防和管理。既然目前所掌握的DATA是insufficient(不充足的)，那么[A][B][C]所说的都不符合文章的原意，故均为错误选项。只有[D]的叙述正确。
2.答案是[A]Themedicalprofessionisbasedontrust.
解析：作者在第二段说，人们一致认为，医学的基础就是诚信。在医学院就作弊的学生通常比其他人更容易做出欺骗病人，同事，和政府的事情。因此，医学以诚信为本的性质就决定了，对医学院的作弊行为应该坚决打击。[B]项说的是打击作弊行为的结果，而不是原因。[C]医学依靠政府，[D]医学院中作弊行为普遍存在，都不符合文章内容。
3.答案是[A]Family,cultureandsocietyplayanactivepart.
解析：[A]的内容符合文章的原意。作者在讨论作弊现象的根源时，结论是，作弊现象存在，原因是多方面的。学生在上医学院之前受到的家庭，社会和文化的熏陶在很大程度上决定他们是否会在考试中作弊。也就是选项[A]的内容。[B][C][D]的说法虽然都有道理，但是都过于绝对。学校的环境，家长的教育，电视的影响，虽然都起一定作用，但是都不能说是决定性的。Leading，always，primarily之类的用词决定了它们都不是最佳选项。
4.答案是[C]Medicalschoolsshouldteachfuturedoctorsintegrityandethicalvalues.
解析：[A]“医学院应该确立明确道德标准，淘汰道德素质低下的申请者”是错误选项。因为文章谈到如何甄别申请医学院学生的道德素质的时候，作者用的是虚拟语气have的过去式had(ifonehadareliablemethodfordetectingsuchcharacteristicsinadvance)：如果能有可靠的标准，能预先了解学生的道德水平，医学院在录取的时候应该照顾那些恪守道德准则的学生。可见目前并没有这样的标准可循。[B]Medicalschoolsshouldmakeeffortstoremedytheillsofasociety.和文章的内容相反。因为文章明确地说Medicalschools...cannotbeexpectedtoremedyalltheillsofasociety.[C]项错，因为文章的本意是，医学院的学生在学期间，道德素质不仅不会提高，而且可能下降(regress)。但是作者并没有说，医学院在提高学生素质方面无计可施，而是敦促学校采取相应措施，imbuingfuturedoctorswithintegrityandethicalsensitivity，(增强未来的医师们的道德感)。
5.答案是[C]Medicalstudentsshouldplayanactiveroleinthecreationandpreservationofacultureofintegrity.
解析：[C]项和文章最后一段的Thedevelopmentofaschool'scultureofintegrityrequiresapartnershipwiththestudentsinwhichtheyplayanactiveroleinitscreationandnurturing相呼应。[A]错，因为作者没有建议医(转载自中国教育文摘请保留此标记。)学院应该降低考试难度。[B]的叙述不准确，因为作者的本意是医学界的要人应该树立楷模，而不是让他们设定一套人人遵循的行规。[D]错，作者仅提议医学院对有违反道德准则学生的处罚应该是坚决，公正，透明和统一的。作者并没有明确倡议一旦有作弊行为就将其开除出校。